Paraphrasing,+Summarizing,+and+Quoting

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 * Paraphrasing is to translate part or all of the original text into your own words. In addition to being the preferred way to include someone else's ideas in your writing, it is also a tried and true study method, and can be used to increase your understanding of sometimes unfamiliar concepts.
 * Summarizing is reducing a larger work to its main ideas.
 * Quoting is using the exact words of the original text. Quotes are always encased within quotation marks. See page 65 of your text for verbs and phrases to introduce quotations.

The OWL at Purdue on Quoting, Summarizing, and Paraphrasing.

**Everything You Need to Know About Plagiarism ** and what that has to do with Quoting, Summarizing, and Paraphrasing.

Plagiarism is taking credit for someone else’s words or thoughts as your own. It is essentially intellectual theft. Plagiarism is a violation academic integrity. UCA is dedicated to academic integrity as indicated by Board Policy 709 which reads:

//"The mission of the University of Central Arkansas commits all members of the university community to acquiring, sharing, evaluating, and communicating knowledge. Such a commitment includes an expectation of academic integrity, an organizational and individual commitment to honesty and responsibility in teaching and learning. By their affiliation with the University of Central Arkansas, all members of the university community are committed to shared responsibility for maintaining the highest standards of academic integrity. Although this policy focuses on the academic integrity in course related work, its basis and context is the commitment made by the entire university community." //

The university’s academic integrity policy applies to all students enrolled in courses at the University of Central Arkansas. All forms of academic misconduct at the University of Central Arkansas will be regarded as serious. Just as there are consequences to stealing a television, on a campus there are consequences for any form of academic misconduct. Consequences might include a failing grade for the course, suspension from the university for a semester or expulsion.

You can find more about the different forms of academic misconduct, their consequences, and the disciplinary process on pages 39-43 in your Student Handbook.

__Why do instructors care about plagiarism? __

When instructors give you an assignment they typically want you to show that you have:
 * an understanding of material you have been asked to read
 * that you can refer to your sources to support your ideas
 * that you can distinguish your analysis and ideas of the reading from what the author actually said

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">When you cite your sources you are using an expert’s ideas as evidence to support your conclusions. Failing to cite means you are saying you came up with those ideas on your own; you are saying that the ideas are your work. If you do not cite your source, you have committed plagiarism.

__<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">How to avoid plagiarism __

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">1. Keep good notes that start with bibliographic information. Be sure to use quotation marks when you transfer information onto a note card so you’ll know what the original language said.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">2. Whenever you use three or more words in a row verbatim from the source material, you must put the words in quotation marks and cite them. Doing one but not both of these is still plagiarism.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">3. If the words are yours, but the ideas belong to your source you do not need quotation marks. However, you MUST give credit to your source as a citation and as a lead-in to tell the reader whose idea it is.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">4. Do not give one citation at the end of a long paragraph. The reader has no way of knowing if the whole paragraph or the last sentence is the source’s idea.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">5. When in doubt, CITE YOUR SOURCE!

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Beware of unacceptable paraphrasing!

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Many students think that if they rearrange the words or replace them with synonyms that they have not committed plagiarism. This is NOT TRUE! Below are examples of unacceptable and acceptable paraphrasing:

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Here is the ORIGINAL text from Richard Godbeer’s //Escaping Salem: The Other Witch Hunt of// //1692,// pages 129-130:

//<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">"Most accused witches made a brief and dramatic appearance in the records at the time of their trial and then returned to obscurity once the ordeal was over. The transcripts from witch trials often seem like narrow-beamed spot-lights that play upon an otherwise darkened landscape. What happened after the trial ended is in most cases a mystery, unless the defendant was condemned to death (and even then we do not always know for certain that the sentence was carried out) or unless the accused was acquitted and then put on trial again at some later date." //

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Here is an UNACCEPTABLE paraphrase that is plagiarism:

//<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Lots of accused witches made a short appearance in trial records and then disappeared into obscurity when the trial was over. Transcripts from witch trials often are like flash light beams in a dark room, we only see what happens when the trial is happening. What happens after the trial is often unknown unless the accused was actually killed or unless they were acquitted and re-tried later. //

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">This is plagiarism because the writer only changed words and phrases or the order of a sentence and there is no citation for where the ideas came from. Notice also that in changing some of the sentences the original nuances are lost which can either make a sentence grammatically incorrect, or factually wrong.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Here is an ACCEPTABLE paraphrase:

//<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">"Although modern readers would like to know more about the people accused of witchcraft, unfortunately often all that survives is their appearance in the trial transcripts. Their life before and after is lost to us. This might even include whether the condemned was actually killed unless she was later accused again and retried" (Godbeer 129-130). //

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">This is acceptable because the writer accurately remade the information into her own words and lets the reader know the source of her information.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Here is an example of quotation and paraphrase together:

//<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Although modern readers would like to know more about the people accused of witchcraft, unfortunately often all that survives is their appearance in the trial transcripts (Godbeer, 129). Historian Richard Godbeer describes it as a “brief and // //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">dramatic appearance in the records” before they are “returned to obscurity.” Their life before and after is lost to us. This might even include whether the condemned was actually killed unless they were “acquitted and then put on trial again at some later date” (Godbeer 129-130). //

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Note that this is acceptable because it uses the writers own words, gives credit to the source, and indicates what part of the material was taken directly from the source with quotation marks and citation.

__<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Common knowledge __

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Common knowledge is information that is generally known by most people. For example, it is common knowledge that George Washington was the first president of the United States. This does not need a citation. That George Washington was the only president to be unanimously elected by the Electoral College is not common knowledge and needs a citation.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">If you are in doubt if something is common knowledge try asking yourself: Did I know this information before I took this class? Would my neighbor know this information? If the answer is no, then the information is not common knowledge and needs a citation. Did this information come from something I read or heard in lecture? If the answer is yes, then the information needs a citation.

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Several online tutorials exist to test your new knowledge about plagiarism:

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">University of Southern Mississippi

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Indiana State University

<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Indiana University Bloomington

//<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">Adapted from http://writingcenter.unc.edu/handouts/plagiarism; www.indiana.edu/~wts/pamphlets/plagiarism.shtml; // //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">http://writing.wisc.edu/Handbook/Acknowledging_Sources.pdf; www.wpacouncil.org; www.plagiaism.org/plag_article_printable_handouts.html; // //<span style="font-family: Arial,Helvetica,sans-serif; font-size: 130%;">http://appserve.mnstate.edu/Instrtech/its/main.php //